abandon:
n. 放棄 lacking restraint or control; feeling of extreme emotional intensity; unbounded enthusiasm | abbreviate:
v. 省略 make shorter; reduce to shorter form intended to represent full form, as for word or phrase |
abbreviation:
n. 略称は shortening something by omitting parts of it | abnormal:
a. 異常 unusual; not typical; not normal |
aboard:
ad. 船 on a ship, train, plane, or other vehicles; in or into a group, organization, or business | abort:
v. 中止 stop; terminate before completion; terminate a pregnancy |
abortion:
n. 中絶 termination of pregnancy; failure of a plan | abrasive:
a. 研磨 rubbing away; tending to grind down |
absence:
n. 不在 state of being absent; state of being away | absent:
a. 欠席 go away or leave; missing; not present |
absentee:
n. 不在は one who is absent or not in residence | absolute:
a. 逃げる廃止絶対 perfect in quality or nature; complete; totally unlimited; certain |
absolutely:
ad. 絶対 utterly; not viewed in relation to other things or factors | absorb:
v. 吸収 assimilate or incorporate; suck or drink up; occupy full attention |
absorption:
n. 吸収 process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion; state of mental concentration | abstract:
a. 抽象 theoretical; not concrete; not applied or practical; difficult to understand |
absurd:
a. 不条理 preposterous; ridiculously incongruous or unreasonable; foolish | abundant:
a. 豊富 plentiful; possessing riches or resources |
abuse:
n. 濫用 improper use or handling; misuse | academic:
a. 学術 related to school; not practical or directly useful; relating to the scholarly organization; based on formal education |
academy:
n. アカデミー school for special instruction; society of scholars, scientists, or artists | accelerate:
v. 加速 move faster; cause to develop or progress more quickly; occur sooner than expected |
acceleration:
n. 加速 a faster rate of improvement; the rate of change of velocity to time | access:
n. アクセス approach; entry; entrance |
accessible:
a. アクセス easily approached or entered; obtainable; easy to talk to or get along with | accident:
n. 事故 an event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation; sudden, and unexpected event |
accidental:
a. 偶然 unexpected; happening by chance, unintentionally | accidentally:
ad. 偶然 inadvertently; by chance; casually; fortuitously; not essentially or intrinsically |
accompaniment:
n. 伴奏 act of accompanying someone or something | accompany:
v. 添付 travel with; be associated with |
accomplish:
v. 達成 succeed in doing; bring to pass; achieve; reach the end of; complete | accomplished:
a. 達成 skilled; experienced; having many social graces; polished or refined |
accomplishment:
n. 達成 achievement; fulfillment; something that is successful | account:
n. アカウント narrative or record of events; the reason given for a particular action or event |
accountant:
n. 会計士 one who maintains and audits business accounts | accounting:
n. 会計 a system that provides quantitative information about finances |
accumulate:
v. 蓄積 pile up; collect; mount up; increase | accumulation:
n. 蓄積 increase by natural growth or addition; concentration |
accuracy:
n. 精度 quality of nearness to the truth or the true value | accurate:
a. 正確 capable of providing a correct reading or measurement; performing with care and precision |
accusation:
n. 告発 indictment; charge of wrongdoing that is made against a person or other party | accuse:
v. 非難 blame; say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind |
accused:
n. 被告人 defendant or defendants in a criminal case; a person charged with an offense | acid:
n. 達成 sour; water-soluble compounds having a sour taste; quality of being sarcastic, bitter, or scornful |
acidic:
a. 酸性 tasting sour like acid; being or containing an acid | acidity:
n. 酸味 pH values below 7; taste experience when something acidic is taken into the mouth |
acknowledge:
v. 了承 declare to be true or admit; express obligation, thanks | acquaintance:
n. 知人 personal knowledge or information about someone or something |
activate:
v. 全体 make active or more active; stimulate; make radioactive | actively:
ad. 積極 energetically; vigorously; voluntarily, not passively |
actual:
a. 加速実際 true; real; being, existing, or acting at the present moment; current | actuate:
v. 作動 put into motion or action; activate |
acumen:
n. 洞察 mental keenness; quickness of perception | acupuncture:
n. 鍼灸 treatment of pain or disease by inserting the tips of needles at specific points on the skin |
acute:
a. 急性 quickly perceptive; keen; having a sharp point or tip; extremely sharp or severe | adapt:
v. 適応 make fit for; change to suit a new purpose |
adaptation:
n. 適応 modification; alteration or adjustment in structure or habits | additional:
a. その他 further; extra; supplemental or added to |
address:
v. アドレス make a formal speech to; deal with or discuss; direct efforts or attention of | adequate:
a. 十分 sufficient; enough to meet a purpose |
adhere:
v. 付着 stick fast; stick to firmly; be compatible or in accordance with | adhesive:
n. 接着剤 glue; paste; the substance that unites or bonds surfaces together |
adhesive:
a. 接着剤 sticky; glutinous; tending to persist | adjoining:
a. 隣接 neighboring; being in contact at some point or line; joining to |
adjunct:
n. 支持 something added on or attached generally nonessential or inferior | adjust:
v. 調整 change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable |
adjustment:
n. 調整 making or becoming suitable; adjusting to circumstances | administer:
v. 管理 govern; supervise; give or apply medications |
administration:
n. 管理 management; supervision; people who are in charge of management; the activity of government for powers and duties | administrator:
n. 管理者 one who manages a government agency or department |
admiration:
n. 尊敬 favorable judgment; feeling of pleasure, wonder, and approval | admire:
v. 感心 regard with wonder or astonishment; view with surprise; marvel at |
admission:
n. 入学案内 act or practice of admitting; power or permission to enter | admit:
v. 認めざる permit to enter; receive; provide the right or a means of entrance to |
admittedly:
ad. 確か doubtlessly; in an acknowledged manner; confessedly | adolescent:
n. 緋色 a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity; |
adopt:
v. 採用 accept; take on; raise; take into one's family | adoption:
n. 採用 act of accepting with approval |
adore:
v. 崇拝 worship with profound reverence; pay divine honors to; regard with the utmost esteem and affection | adorn:
v. 飾る enhance or decorate with or as if with ornaments |
adornment:
n. 装飾 embellishment; decoration; something that beautifies or adorns; ornament | adult:
n. 大人 one who has attained maturity or legal age; fully grown |
advance:
v. 事前 proceed; move forward; improve; moving forward | advanced:
a. 飾り気のない高度な improved; highly developed or complex; ahead of the times; progressive |
advancement:
n. 昇進 progress; promotion; forward step; improvement | adventure:
n. 冒険 something happens without design; chance; hazard; risk; danger |
adventurer:
n. 冒険 one who enjoys exciting, dangerous activities, often in foreign countries | adventurous:
a. 冒険 valiant; venturesome; inclined or willing to incur hazard or engage in adventures |
adversary:
n. 敵 the opponent in a contest; someone who offers opposition | adversely:
ad. 悪影響 negatively; in an adverse manner; oppositely; inimically; offensively; unfortunately |
adversity:
n. 逆境を state of misfortune, hardship, or affliction; misfortune | advocate:
v. 支持 speak, plead, or argue in favor of; plead for; push for something |
advocate:
n. 擁護 one that argues for a cause; supporter or defender | aerodynamics:
n. 力学 study of how objects move through the air or water |
affect:
v. 影響 have an emotional or cognitive impact upon | affected:
a. 影響 speaking or behaving in an artificial way; emotionally stirred or moved; infected or attacked |
affection:
n. 愛情 fondness; tender feeling toward another; fondness | affectionate:
a. 愛情 having affection or warm regard; loving; fond; kindly inclined; zealous |
affective:
a. 感情 sentimental; emotional; emotionally charged | affinity:
n. 親和 natural attraction, liking, or feeling of kinship; relationship by marriage |
affirmative:
a. 肯定 confirmative; ratifying; giving assent or approval; confirming | afflict:
v. 苦しめる cause pain, suffering, or distress |
afford:
v. 余裕 pay; provide; have the financial means for; bear the cost of | affordable:
a. 低価格 able to pay for |
agency:
n. 代理店 a business that serves other businesses; an administrative unit of government | agenda:
n. 議題 items of business at a meeting; list or program of things to be done or considered |
aggravate:
v. 悪化 worsen; make worse or more troublesome | aggregation:
n. 集計 several things grouped together or considered as a whole |
aggressive:
a. 積極 making assaults; unjustly attacking; combative; hostile; tending to spread quickly | agile:
a. アジャイル moving quickly and lightly; mentally quick |
agility:
n. 敏捷性 mentally quick; moving quickly and lightly | agreeable:
a. 快適 ready to consent or submit; acceptable |
agreement:
n. 契約 state of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character | agriculture:
n. 農業 the practice of cultivating the land or raising stock |
aid:
n. 援助 person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; helper; assistant | ailment:
n. 疾患 sickness;a slight but often persistent illness |
aim:
n. 目的 point or direct towards an object or spot with the intent of hitting it | air:
v. 空気 be broadcast on television or radio |
aircraft:
n. 航空機 a vehicle that can fly, such as an airplane, helicopter, balloon | airsickness:
n. 酔い motion sickness experienced while traveling by air |
aisle:
n. 通路 passageway between rows of seats, as in an auditorium or an airplane; the wing of a building | ajar:
a. 半開き half-open; slightly turned or opened |
akin:
a. 似 of the same kin; related by blood | alarm:
n. アラーム any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger |
album:
n. アルバム a list of names; a register for visitors; a blank book to insert autographs sketches, memorial writing, photographs | alchemy:
n. 錬金術 medieval chemistry; magical or mysterious power or process of transforming |
alder:
n. ハンノキ north temperate shrubs or trees having toothed leaves and cone-like fruit | alert:
n. 情報 the warning serves; alarm; condition of heightened watchfulness or preparation for action |
alien:
a. 外国人 dissimilar, inconsistent, or opposed in nature; very different place, society, or person | alignment:
n. アライメント arrangement; association; alliance |
alike:
a. 似 similar; in the same manner or to the same degree | allegation:
n. 主張 suggestion without proof that someone has done something wrong |
alliance:
n. アライアンス state of being allied; the act of allying or uniting; a union of interests between families, states, parties | alliteration:
n. 頭韻法 repetition of a beginning sound in poetry |
alloy:
n. 合金 mixture; a combination of diverse things | allude:
v. ほのめかす refer casually or indirectly, or by suggestion |
ally:
n. 同盟 confederate; partner; collaborator | alone:
a. 単独 solitary; by oneself, not with any other people |
alter:
v. 変更 modify; cause to change; make different; convert | alteration:
n. 変更 a passage from one form or state to another; change |
alternate:
v. 代替 occur successively; pass back and forth from one state, action, or place to another | alternation:
n. 交代 successive change from one thing or state to another and back again |
alternative:
n. 代替 one of two or more things, ideas, or courses of action that may be used; option or choice | aluminum:
n. アルミ silvery ductile metallic element |
amateur:
n. アマチュア one who engages in an art, science, study, or athletic activity as a pastime rather than as a profession | amaze:
v. 驚か astonish; affect with wonder |
amazement:
n. 驚き wonder; state of extreme surprise or wonder; astonishment | ambassador:
n. 大使 authorized messenger or representative |
ambience:
n. 雰囲気 particular environment or surrounding influence; an atmosphere of the environment | ambition:
n. 野望 aspiration; a strong wish to achieve something |
ambivalence:
n. 曖昧 state of having contradictory or conflicting emotional attitudes, such as love and hate | ambivalent:
a. 曖昧 mixed; experiencing or expressing opposing or contradictory feelings |
amble:
n. ぶらぶら歩く moving at an easy pace; walk slowly or leisurely | ambulance:
n. 救急車 field hospital organized as to follow an army in its movements; a wagon for conveying the wounded to hospital |
amenable:
a. 従順 responsive to advise or suggestion; responsible to a higher authority; willing to comply with; agreeable | amendment:
n. 改正は a change or changes made to the words of a text; revision |
amenity:
n. アメニティ pleasantness resulting from agreeable conditions | amiable:
a. 和やか good-natured and likable; lovable; warmly friendly |
amicable:
a. 友好 exhibiting friendliness or goodwill; not quarrelsome | amnesia:
n. 健忘 partial or total loss of memory, usually resulting from shock or illness |
amount:
n. 量 total of two or more quantities; aggregate; sum | ample:
a. 豊富 more than enough in size or scope or capacity; relatively large |
amplification:
n. 増幅 addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail | analogy:
n. 類推 the similarity in some respects; comparison based on similarity |
analysis:
n. 分析 study; investigation; the process of breaking down a substance into its constituent parts | analyze:
v. 分析 diagnose; study, or examine something in detail to discover more about it |
anarchist:
n. アナーキスト a person who seeks to overturn established government; advocate of abolishing authority | anecdote:
n. 逸話 a short account of the amusing or interesting event; short narrative; a secret story of history or biography |
anesthetic:
n. 麻酔 a substance that causes loss of sensation; producing temporary loss or impairment of feeling | angular:
a. 角度 sharp-cornered; consisting of an angle or angles; stiff in manner |
animation:
n. アニメーション act of animating or giving life or spirit; state of being animate or alive | ankle:
n. 足首を the joint which connects the foot with the leg; tarsus |
annex:
v. 別館 append or attach; take possession of; incorporate into an existing political unit | anniversary:
a. 周年を annual; yearly; annual return of the day on which any notable event took place |
announce:
v. お知らせ herald; give out; proclaim; make known publicly | announcement:
n. お知らせ formal public statement; an act of making known publicly |
announcer:
n. アナウンサー one who proclaims a message publicly | annual:
a. 年間 occurring or payable every year |
annually:
ad. 年間 yearly; each year; returning every year; year by year | anonymous:
a. 匿名 having no name; having an unknown or unacknowledged name |
antagonist:
n. 拮抗薬 one who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; opponent | anthem:
n. 国歌 song of praise or patriotism; the song of devotion or loyalty |
anthropology:
n. 人類学 social science that studies origins and social relationships of human beings | anticipation:
n. 予想 something expected; pleasurable expectation; wishing with confidence |
antiquate:
v. antiquateは make obsolete or old-fashioned | antiquated:
a. 時代遅れ too old to be fashionable, suitable, or useful; obsolete; aged |
antique:
n. アンティーク any furniture old and valuable; out of fashion | antique:
a. アンティーク old; belonging to, made in, or typical of an earlier period |
antiquity:
n. 古代 ancient times, especially the times preceding the Middle Ages; extreme oldness | antiseptic:
n. 防腐剤 a substance that prevents infection; a substance that restricts the growth of disease-causing microorganisms |
anxiety:
n. 不安 concern something in a state of painful uneasiness; state of restlessness and agitation | anxious:
a. 不安 eager; keen; worried; uneasy, and apprehensive about an uncertain event or matter |
anyhow:
ad. とにかく in any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event | apart:
ad. 離れ separately, regarding space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside |
apologize:
v. 謝罪 beg pardon; tell someone that you are sorry for having done something | apology:
n. 謝罪 acknowledgment expressing regret or asking pardon for a fault or offense; explanation or excuse |
appeal:
n. アピール attraction; charm; attract; fascinate; challenge | appealing:
a. 魅力 attractive or interesting; charming |
appetite:
n. 食欲 instinctive physical desire, especially one for food or drink | application:
n. アプリケーション close attention; work of applying something; verbal or written request for assistance |
apply:
v. お申し込み exert; put into service; avail oneself to; | appoint:
v. 任命 designate; nominate; choose someone officially for a job or responsibility |
appointment:
n. 予約 act of putting a person into a non-elective position; arrangement | appreciate:
v. 感謝 be thankful for; increase in worth; be thoroughly conscious of |
appreciation:
n. 感謝の意を recognition; taste; judgment or opinion, especially a favorable one | apprentice:
n. 見習い works for an expert to learn a trade; beginner; learner |
approach:
n. アプローチ a way of considering or doing something | appropriate:
v. 適切な acquire; take possession of for one's own use; set apart for specific use |
approval:
n. 承認 official approbation; endorsement; an act of approving | approve:
v. 承認 ratify; consider right or good; think or speak favorably of |
approximately:
ad. 約 very similarly; roughly | apt:
a. がち likely; precisely suitable; appropriate; quick to learn or understand |
aquamarine:
a. アクアマリン of bluish-green color; of pale blue to light greenish-blue | aquarium:
n. 水族館 tank or pool or bowl filled with water for keeping live fish and underwater animals |
arbitrary:
a. 任意 randomly chosen; determined by chance or impulse, and not by reason or principle | arboreal:
a. 関節リウマチ tree-dwelling; treelike; living in trees |
archaeological:
a. 近づいて考古学 related to or dealing with or devoted to archaeology | archaeology:
n. 考古学 study of artifacts and relics of early humankind |
architect:
n. 建築 one who designs and supervises the construction of buildings or other large structures | architectural:
a. 建築 of or about the art and science of architecture |
architecture:
n. 建築 art and science of designing and erecting buildings; buildings and other large structures | area:
n. エリア a plane surface, as of the floor of a room; open space in a building; the enclosed space; extent; scope; range |
arena:
n. アリーナ a playing field where sports events take place; a large structure for open-air sports or entertainments | argue:
v. 主張 invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; debate |
aria:
n. アリア operatic solo; a solo vocal piece with instrumental accompaniment | arithmetic:
n. 算術 theory of numerical calculations |
armor:
n. 鎧 shield; defensive covering, as of metal, wood, or leather, worn to protect the body against weapons | armored:
a. 装甲 protected by armor; provided with a protective covering |
arms:
n. 武器 weapons considered collectively; official symbols of a family | arrange:
v. 手配 put in proper order; dispose in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose |
arrangement:
n. 構成 composition; a plan for how something will happen | array:
v. 配列 set out for display or use; place in orderly arrangement |
arrogance:
n. 傲慢 overbearing pride; haughtiness; manifest feeling of personal superiority in rank, power, or estimation | arrogant:
a. 傲慢 arising from feeling or assumption of one's superiority toward others |
arsenal:
n. 武器 storage place for military equipment; a stock of weapons | artery:
n. 動脈 one of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart; major transit corridor |
article:
n. 記事 essay; editorial; individual thing or element of a class | articulate:
v. 粒子 speak clearly and distinctly; utter a speech sound; be jointed; make clear or effective |
artificial:
a. 人工 made by humans; produced rather than natural. | artisan:
n. 職人 manually skilled worker; craftsman, as opposed to an artist |
ascent:
n. 上昇 upward slope or grade; movement upward | ashamed:
a. 恥 affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt |
aside:
ad. 脇 on, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest | aspirin:
n. アスピリン white crystalline compound drug to relieve pain and reduce fever and inflammation |
assault:
n. 暴行 a violent attack; an onslaught | assemble:
v. アセンブル put together; bring or call together into a group or whole |
assembly:
n. アセンブリは gathering; meeting; a group of persons gathered together for a common reason | assessment:
n. 評価 act of judging or assessing; amount determined as payable |
asset:
n. 資産 properties; advantage; useful or valuable quality | assignment:
n. 割り当て a task that was given to students; job; distribution; appointment |
assist:
v. 支援する give help or support to, especially as a subordinate | assistance:
n. サポート help, especially money or resources that are given to people |
assistant:
n. アシスタント helper; a person who assists or helps someone else | associate:
v. アソシエイト connect or join together; combine |
association:
n. 団体 connection, whether of persons or things; a union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose | assorted:
a. 盛り合わせ varied; consisting of various types mixed together |
assortment:
n. 品揃え variety; collection containing a variety of sorts of things | assume:
v. 想定 suppose; presume; take on; bear |
assumption:
n. 前提 something taken for accepted as true without proof; taking over or taking possession of | assure:
v. 保証 tell someone confidently that something is true; guarantee; convince |
astonish:
v. 驚かせる surprise someone very much; shock | astonishing:
a. 驚くべき very wonderful; of a nature to excite astonishment; surprising greatly |
astray:
a. アスパラ迷っ away from the correct path or direction, either in a literal or in a figurative sense; wandering | astronomer:
n. 天文学者 a physicist who studies astronomy |
astronomical:
a. 天文 enormously large or extensive; relating to astronomy | astute:
a. 抜け目 wise or keen; shrewd; with sharp intelligence |
asymmetrical:
a. 非対称 unbalanced; uneven; having parts on either side or half that do not match | atheist:
n. 無神論者 nonbeliever; one who denies the existence of god |
athlete:
n. 選手 a sportsman; one who contended for a prize in public games | atmosphere:
n. 雰囲気 air; a mixture of gases that surrounds any planet |
atom:
n. 原子 a tiny piece of anything; the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element | atomic:
a. 原子 of or relating to or comprising atoms; immeasurably small |
atomization:
n. 霧 act of reducing to atoms, or very minute particles | atrophy:
n. 萎縮 wasting away; decrease in size; reduction in the functionality of an organ caused by disease |
attachment:
n. 添付 a bond, as of affection or loyalty; fond regard; supplementary part; accessory | attack:
n. 攻撃 offensive move; expression of strong criticism; hostile comment |
attempt:
n. 試み the action of trying at something | attend:
v. 参加 be present at; go to; take care of; tend |
attention:
n. 注目 act or state of attending or heeding; application of the mind to any object of sense, representation, or thought | attentive:
a. 丁寧 alert and watchful; considerate; thoughtful |
attic:
n. 屋根裏部屋 story or room directly below the roof of a building, especially a house; | attitude:
n. 態度 posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue |
attorney:
n. 弁護士 lawyer; one who is appointed by another to act in his place or stead; proxy | attract:
v. 誘致 draw to, or cause to tend to; engage or fix, as the mind, attention; invite or allure |
attraction:
n. アトラクション appeal; a characteristic that provides pleasure and attracts | attractive:
a. 魅力 appealing; pleasing; inviting; tempting |
attribute:
v. 属性 relate to particular cause or source; ascribe; explain | auction:
n. オークション public sale of property to the highest bidder |
audible:
a. 音 perceptible; heard or perceptible by the ear | audience:
n. 視聴者 a group of people within hearing; crowd seeing a stage performance |
audition:
v. オーディション take part in a trial performance; evaluate in a trial performance | augment:
v. 強化 make greater, as in size, extent, or quantity |
august:
a. 役に立つ impressive; majestic; inspiring awe or admiration | aurora:
n. オーロラ a natural appearance of coloured light in the sky, that is usually seen nearest the Arctic or Antarctic |
authentic:
a. 本格的 not counterfeit or copied; valid; trustworthy | authenticate:
v. 吉祥 prove genuine; establish authenticity of |
authority:
n. 権限 jurisdiction; power to enforce laws, exact obedience, command, determine, or judge; government | autobiographical:
a. 自伝 of or relating to a person's life or an account of a person's life |
autobiography:
n. 自伝 biography or story written by yourself | automated:
a. 自動化 mechanical; automatic; accomplished without the intervention of a human operator |
automatic:
a. 自動 mechanized; operating with minimal human intervention; independent of external control | automotive:
a. 自動車 of or relating to motor vehicles; moving by itself; self-propelling |
autonomous:
a. 独裁 self-governing; not controlled by others or by outside forces; independent | available:
a. 利用 convenient for use or disposal; not busy, free; obtainable; accessible |
avant-garde:
n. 前衛 radically new or original; cutting edge | avenge:
v. 復讐 take vengeance for something, or on behalf of someone |
avenue:
n. 大通り way or opening for entrance or exit place; passage by which a place may be reached; broad street | average:
a. 平均 typical; mean; achieve or reach on average |
averse:
a. 嫌い reluctant; disinclined; turned away or backward; unwilling | avert:
v. 回避 prevent; turn or cause to turn off or away |
aviator:
n. 飛行士は someone who operates an aircraft | avocation:
n. 趣味の person's regular business or occupation; hobby or recreational or leisure pursuit |
avoid:
v. 回避 shield away from; prevent | aware:
a. 認識 knowing; having knowledge or cognizance |
awareness:
n. 意識 realization; consciousness; having knowledge of | awful:
a. ひどい causing fear, dread, or terror; extremely bad or unpleasant; terrible |
awkward:
a. ぎこちない difficult to handle or manage | awkwardly:
ad. 不器用 in an uncomfortable, nervous, or embarrassed way |
axis:
n. 軸 the center around which something rotates; pivot | |
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